Q. आपको दिए गए मानचित्र पर अंकित निम्नलिखित स्थानों की पहचान कीजिए एवं अपनी प्रश्न-सह-उत्तर पुस्तिका में उनमे से प्रत्येक पर लगभग 30 शब्दों की संक्षिप्त टिप्पणी लिखिए। मानचित्र पर अंकित प्रत्येक स्थान के लिए स्थान निर्धा संकेत क्रमानुसार नीचे दिए गए हैं:
Identify the following places marked on the map supplied to you and write a short note of about 30 words on each of them in your Question-cum-Answer Booklet Locational hints for each of the places marked on the map are given below seriatim: (50 Marks)

(i) प्रागैतिहासिक स्थल

Prehistoric site

(ii) शैलोत्कीर्ण का क्षेत्र

Area of petroglyphs

(iii) नवपाषाणकालीन स्थल

Neolithic site

(iv) हड़प्पाकालीन स्थल

Harappan site

(v) बौद्ध विहार

Buddhist monastery

(vi) ताम्रपाषाणकालीन स्थल

Chalcolithic site

(vii) नवपाषाण और ताम्रपाषाणकालीन स्थल

Neo-Chalcolithic site

(viii) महापाषाणकालीन शैलचित्रयुक्त स्थल

Megalithic site with rock art

(ix) महाजनपदीय राजधानी व बुद्ध बमत्कार से सम्बद्ध

One of the Mahajanapadas’ capital and associated with Buddha’s miracle

(x) प्राचीन मानव जीवाश्म प्राप्त स्थल

Hominid fossil find site

(xi) अशोक का मुख्य शिलालेख

Major rock edict of Ashoka

(xii) प्राचीन व्यापारिक केन्द्र

Ancient trade centre

(xiii) करमुक्त भूमि अनुदान को दर्ज करने वाला शिलालेख

Stone inscription recording land grants with tax exemptions

(xiv) पारिवारिक रिश्तों के नामकरणवाला शिवमंदिर समूह

Shiva temples named after family relationships

(xv) कला-सम्बद्ध अभिलेख स्थल

Place of art-related inscription

(xvi) तीन भाषाओं का अभिलेख स्थल

Place of inscription of three languages

(xvii) मंदिर स्थापत्य की तीनों शैलियों के उदाहरण मिलनेवाला मंदिर स्थल

Temple site where three styles of temple architecture are found

(xviii) जैन तीर्थस्थान

Jain pilgrimage site

(xix) गुप्तकालीन शिवमंदिर

Shiva temple of Gupta period

(xx) महापाषाणीय स्मारक क्षेत्र

Megalithic monumental site

SOLUTION

(i) प्रागैतिहासिक स्थल

Prehistoric site

Area of petroglyphs

Konkan Coast (Niveli/ Patharde/ Runde)

• In Konkan region of Maharashtra, India.
• Niveli, Patharde, and Rundhe are important sites within the Konkan petroglyph cluster.
• These petroglyphs represent some of the earliest forms of human artistic expression in the region, dating back potentially 10,000-12,000 years to the Mesolithic period.
• They offer valuable insights into the lives, beliefs, and artistic traditions of the prehistoric inhabitants, likely hunter-gatherer communities.
• The carvings are etched into laterite rock surfaces, which is a distinguishing feature compared to other petroglyph sites in India where carvings are often on granite or sandstone.
• Some carvings depict animals and potentially fertility symbols, suggesting early forms of religious belief or cultural practices.
• Niveli: Site of the initial discovery, with distinct panels featuring cross designs, quadrants, and S-shaped perimeters, along with other carvings like an abstract sea turtle.
• Patharde: Features ancient rock carvings that offer a glimpse into the lives and beliefs of the region’s early inhabitants, with motifs potentially including animal figures, human forms, and geometric patterns.
• Rundhe: Contains a large petroglyph with a central figure, zigzags, and semi-round mounts, estimated to be around 12,000 years old.

(iii) नवपाषाणकालीन स्थल

Neolithic site

Barudih

• Singhbhum district, Jharkhand.
• Located in the Chotanagpur plateau, near the Subarnarekha River basin.
• 2 Phases:
  • Phase I:
    • Polished axes, chalcoal, handmade pottery.
  • Phase II:
    • Rice grain, wheel made pottery, iron objects, charcoal.
• Stone celts and iron sickles are found.
• Evidence of grinding stones suggests shifting cultivation.

(iv) हड़प्पाकालीन स्थल

Harappan site

Rakhigarhi

• In Hisar District, Haryana.
• Largest site of IVC.
• Early and mature Harappan site.
• Mature Harappan phase:
  • Planned township
  • mud-brick and burnt-brick houses
  • proper drainage system.
  • Pottery:
    • Red ware,
    • dish-on-stand, vase, jar, bowl, beaker, perforated jar.
  • Animal sacrificial pit and circular fire alters:- signifies the ritual system.
  • A cylindrical seal with five Harappan characters.
• Other antiquities:
  • blades; terracotta and shell bangles;
  • beads of semiprecious stones,
  • copper objects;
  • animal figurines,
  • toy cart
  • wheel of terracotta;
  • bone points;
  • inscribed steatite seals and sealings.

(v) बौद्ध विहार

Buddhist monastery

Moghalmari Monastery

• In the Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengalon the left bank of the Subarnarekha River.
• The site is situated within the vicinity of ancient Tamralipta (modern-day Tamluk), an important port and trading center.
• Moghalmari reveals the presence of a thriving Buddhist monastery complex from the 6th to 12th centuries. It was mentioned by Chinese travellers Fa Hien and Hiuen Tsang, who referred to the existence of Buddhist viharas in the Tamralipta region. 
• Excavations have confirmed the presence of two monasteries within the complex: Mugalayikaviharika and Yajñapindikamahavihara.
• The elaborate stucco decorations, including depictions of floral motifs, deities like Jambala and Saraswati, and Buddha figures, showcase artistic traditions and influences of the Gupta period.

(vi) ताम्रपाषाणकालीन स्थल

Chalcolithic site

Navdatoli/ Kayatha

Navdatoli

• In west Nimar district, MP.
• Chalcolithic and Late Harappan Site.
• Navdatoli is the largest settlement of Malwa culture.
• Habitation:
  • Circular or rectangular shape.
  • Circular wattle-and-daub houses, post holes
  • Floors plastered with lime.
  • Ancient village inhabited through four stages.
• Chulhas and storage jars found in houses.
• Pottery:
  • BRW, grey ware with painted
• Domestication of animals.
• Microliths found.

Kayatha

• In Ujjain district, MP.
• Chalcolithic and late Harappan site.
• Pottery:
  • Fine, sturdy, wheel-made ware.
• Houses:
  • Made of mud and reed with mud-plastered floors.
• Bones of domesticated cattle and horses found.
• No grain remains.
• Artefacts:
  • Microliths made of locally available chalcedony.
  • Copper axes,  chisel, copper bangles etc.
  • Ornaments made of agate, steatite and carnelian beads.
  • Axes came from Ganeshwar.
• Abrupt break in occupation at Kayatha in about 1800 BCE. Later reoccupied in Ahar/Banas culture phase.

(vii) नवपाषाण और ताम्रपाषाणकालीन स्थल

Neo-Chalcolithic site

Jodhpura

• In the north-eastern part of Rajasthan.
• Jodhpura: PGW and Chalcolithic.
• Pottery:
  • Handmade, Wheel-made, red in colour, with incised designs.
  • Shapes:-dish-on-stand.
• Three cultural phases:
  • Period I:
    • Hunting-gathering
    • microliths
  • Period II:
    • Beginning of metallurgy (copper).
    • Circular huts
    • Microliths
    • animal bones. 
  • Period III:
    • Many copper objects found:- evidence of copper working centre.
    • Lesser number of microliths and animal bones.
• Contact with Harappan sites: – similar potteries, copper objects found.

(viii) महापाषाणकालीन शैलचित्रयुक्त स्थल

Megalithic site with rock art

Chandrapuram (Tirupattur)

• In the Tirupattur district of Tamil Nadu.
• It contains rock paintings within a cavern known as Kalyanagugai. These paintings depict various scenes, including:
  • Horse riders.
  • Horses, some appearing to be running.
  • Human figures.
  • Intriguing decorations like wavy lines (possibly representing a river) and figures near tower-like paintings.

(ix) महाजनपदीय राजधानी व बुद्ध बमत्कार से सम्बद्ध

One of the Mahajanapadas’ capital and associated with Buddha’s miracle

Sravasti

• In Shravasti district, U.P.
• Centre of Buddhists and Jainas.
• Capital of the Kosala Mahajanapada during 6^th century BC.
• On the northern trade routes.
• Many ancient idols, inscriptions, stupas and viharas were found.
• Birthplace of the Tirthankara Sambhavanath in Jainism.
• The Chinese Pilgrim Xuanzang found the city in ruins.
• PGW and NBPW site.
• Structural remains at PGW levels: wattle-and-daub and mud huts.

(x) प्राचीन मानव जीवाश्म प्राप्त स्थल

Hominid fossil find site

Hathnora

• In Sehore district, MP.
• A fossilized fragment skull cap along with some fossils of vertebrates and a Acheulian tools was found by Arun Sonakia.
• The skull fragment belonged to a woman about 30 years old who represented an advanced variety of Homo erectus.
• A hominid clavicle (collar bone) along with animal fossils and palaeolithic tools found by A. R. Sankhyan.
• Two sets of human fossils found may belong to the same woman.
• Estimated dates:- 0.5 to 0.2 mya.

(xi) अशोक का मुख्य शिलालेख

Major rock edict of Ashoka

Kalsi

• Near Dehradun, Uttarakhand.
• Major rock edicts of Ashoka:
  • In Brahmi script and Pali language
  • Fourteen edicts reflect Asoka’s humane approach in his internal administration, his fatherly concern for the moral and spiritual welfare of his subjects, and his commitment to non-violence and abandonment of warfare.
• Used to be a hub of traders.

(xii) प्राचीन व्यापारिक केन्द्र

Ancient trade centre

Dantapuram (or Dantapura)

• A significant ancient trade center and port city located in the Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh.
• Situated on the southern bank of the Vamsadhara River.
• Dantapur was likely the capital of the ancient Kalinga Kingdom.
• According to Buddhist texts, the city was named Dantapura after a tooth relic of Buddha was enshrined there.
• Trade and Religious Center: Dantapur was a flourishing trade and religious center, lying on a major route connecting the north and south of India.
  • International Trade: Archaeological evidence suggests Dantapur played a role in international maritime trade, with findings pointing to connections with Romans and Southeast Asia.
  • Mentioned in Ancient Texts: Dantapur is mentioned in ancient texts like Pliny’s Natural History, the Mahavamsa (a Buddhist chronicle), and the Jatakas.
• The proximity to Kalingapatnam, another important port in the Srikakulam district, suggests a network of trade and cultural exchange in the region.

(xiii) करमुक्त भूमि अनुदान को दर्ज करने वाला शिलालेख

Stone inscription recording land grants with tax exemptions

Nashik

• The earliest stone inscriptions that record land grants with tax exemptions in ancient India are the Satavahana and Kshatrapa epigraphs found at Nashik.
• These inscriptions, located in the Nashik Caves (also known as Pandavleni Caves or Trirashmi Caves), provide valuable insights into the administrative and social practices of the Satavahana and Western Kshatrapa rulers.
• An inscription from Nashik Cave 11, dated to the 18th year of Gautamiputra Satakarni’s reign reaffirms a land grant to Buddhist monks residing at the Trirasmi peak. This land had been previously donated by Nahapana’s son-in-law, Rishabhadatta (also known as Ushavadata).
• The inscription details the privileges and exemptions associated with the gifted land, including:
  • Tax exemption: The ascetics were to enjoy tax exemption.
  • Non-interference from royal officials: Royal officials were prohibited from interfering with the donated land.
  • No forced labor: The ascetics were not required to provide forced labor.
• These grants, which included exemptions like:
  • “no entry of the army”
  • “no administrative control of the king”
  • “no digging for salt by royal officers”
• Demonstrate the king’s authority to confer such benefits and reveal the economic and social structure of the time.
• The practice of granting land with such exemptions grew significantly from the 4th century CE onwards.

(xiv) पारिवारिक रिश्तों के नामकरणवाला शिवमंदिर समूह

Shiva temples named after family relationships

Mama Bhanja temple

• In Barsur, Chhattisgarh.
• Dedicated to God Shiva.
• According to a legend, the task to create this temple was given to two people who were related (Mama is maternal uncle and Bhanja is the nephew).
• Constructed in the 11th century, it stands approximately 50 feet tall and is renowned for its intricate stone carvings depicting foliage, lotuses, and other motifs.
• The temple’s architecture features a curvilinear shikhara (spire) and a raised platform, exemplifying the Nagara style of temple architecture.

(xv) कला-सम्बद्ध अभिलेख स्थल

Place of art-related inscription

Sittanvasal

• In Pudukkottai district, Tamilnadu.
• Meghalithic and Jain Cave site.
• Burials:
  • Stone circles,
  • Cist burials
  • urn burials,
• Pottery, glass manufacturing site, iron objects,
• Sittanavasal Cave is a Jain caves with painting and sculptures.
  • Temple-cave dated to Pallava King Mahendravarman I (580–630 AD).
  • Painting:
    • Mural painting
    • Fresco-secco technique
    • Painting depicts:
      • lotus pond with lotus flowers,
      • people collecting lotuses from the pond,
      • dancing figures,
      • fish, buffaloes, elephants etc.
• an inscription attributes its renovation to a Pandyan king
• Rock Bed Inscriptions
• An inscription on a pillar to the niche reads kaditan (“ruler of the world”), indicating Parsvanatha’s divinity. The acharya is in a similar posture as Parsvanatha but with an umbrella over his head. The inscription below this niche reads Tiruvasiriyan (“great teacher”).

(xvi) तीन भाषाओं का अभिलेख स्थल

Place of inscription of three languages

Maski

• In Raichur district, Karnataka.
• Neolithic-Chalcolithic and Megalithic cultures.
• Minor Rock Edict of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka found.
  • First edict of Emperor Ashoka that contained the name Ashoka.
• Artefacts:
  • Polished stone tools, microlithic blades, and copper rod.
  • Beads of carnelian, agate, chalcedony, shell, coral, glass, and paste.
• Pottery:
  • Red ware
  • BRW
  • Incised designs on some pottery.
• Animal bones found.
• Rock paintings found.
• Subsistence base:
  • agriculture,
  • animal domestication,
  • hunting.

(xvii) मंदिर स्थापत्य की तीनों शैलियों के उदाहरण मिलनेवाला मंदिर स्थल

Temple site where three styles of temple architecture are found

Pattadakal

• Located on the west bank of the Malaprabha River in Bagalakote district.
• The Group of monuments in Pattadakal designated as UNESCO World Heritage.
  • They cover a remarkable series of nine Hindu temples, as well as a Jain sanctuary in northern Karnataka.
  • Eight temples dedicated to Shiva, a ninth shaivite sanctuary called the Papanatha Temple, and a Jain Narayana temple.
• In this group of temples, the Virupaksha Temple, built c. 740 by Queen Lokamahadevi to commemorate her husband’s (King Vikramaditya II) victory over the Pallava kings from the south, is considered the most outstanding architectural edifice.
• These are a remarkable combination of temples built by the Chalukya Dynasty in the 6th to the 8th century at Aihole, Badami and Pattadakal.
• The temples represent a remarkable fusion of the architectural features of Nagara and Dravida style.
• The friezes in the Hindu temples display various Vedic and Puranic concepts, depict stories from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the Bhagavata Purana, as well as elements of other Hindu texts, such as the Panchatantra and the Kiratarjuniya.

(xviii) जैन तीर्थस्थान

Jain pilgrimage site

Vallabhi

• In Bhavnagar district (Saurashtra), Gujarat.
• Capital of the Maitraka Dynasty (480-775 CE).
• Established by the founder of the dynasty, Senapati Bhatarka.
• Centre of learning, Buddhist monasteries.
• Visited by the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang and Yijingin 7th century.
• Second Jaina council under Devardhi held in 6th century CE when Jaina scriptures assumed their present form.

OR

Palitana

• Located in Bhavnagar district, Gujarat and a major pilgrimage centre for Jains.
• Adinatha, the first of the Jain tirthankaras, is said to have meditated on the Shatrunjaya hill, where the Palitana temples were later constructed.
• It is one of the most sacred sites of Svetambara tradition within Jainism.
• Jains believe that 23 of 24 Jain Tirthankaras, except Neminatha, sanctified the Palitana hill by their visits.
• There are more than 3000 temples located on the Shatrunjaya hills, exquisitely carved in marble bulit by Jains from the 11th century onwards.
  • The main temple on top of the hill, is dedicated to the first Tirthankara Rishabhanatha (Adinatha).

(xix) गुप्तकालीन शिवमंदिर

Shiva temple of Gupta period

Dah Parbatiya

• Near Tezpur in Assam.
• Temple:
  • Ancient temple of the 5^th or 6^th century (late Gupta period).
    • Carvings on the temple door-frame of stone.
    • Carvings of the river Goddesses Ganga and Yamuna.
  • During Ahom period, a Shiva temple was built with bricks over the ruins of an ancient Gupta period temple.
    •  Stone paved layout plan of the sanctum sanctorum and a mandapa.
• The excavations revealed many terracotta plaques in which human figures were shown in a sitting position.

(xx) महापाषाणीय स्मारक क्षेत्र

Megalithic monumental site

Vangchhia in Champhai

• In the Champhai district of Mizoram
• Large number of menhirs (standing stones) and petroglyphs (rock carvings).
• It is considered Mizoram’s first protected archaeological site and is known as the Kawtchhuah Ropui heritage site, meaning “Great Entranceway”.
• The site features over 100 menhirs, some standing as tall as 15 feet, with carvings of floral, animal, and human figures.
• Vangchhia also includes petroglyphs etched on large stone slabs, depicting various scenes and symbols.
• The presence of a water pavilion, with strategically drilled holes for water storage, suggests the existence of a prosperous ancient settlement.
• Ancient people carved terraces into the rocks, likely for their settlements, with 15 excavated terraces currently identified.