Day: March 31, 2020

Land revenue settlements in British India; The Permanent Settlement; Ryotwari Settlement; Mahalwari Settlement; Economic impact of the revenue arrangements: Part III Mahalwari Settlement The North Western Provinces and Oudh (roughly modern UP.) came under British rule at different times. In 1801 the Nawab of Oudh surrendered to the Company the districts of Allahabad, and adjoining […]

The Left; The Left within the Congress: Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, the Congress Socialist Party; the Communist Party of India, other left parties: Part II Approach of early Nationalistic leadership to socialism The leaders of the Indian National Congress were aware of Socialism from the beginning. Those loaders also came in touch with various […]

The Revolutionaries: Bengal, the Punjab, Maharashtra, U.P, the Madras Presidency, Outside India: Part III Growth of Revolutionaries abroad Revolutionary activities and propaganda were also conducted outside India in Indo-China, Singapore, Siam, Afghanistan, the U.S. Germany. Shyamji Krishnavarma and Establishment of India House at London: One of the pioneers among Indian revolutionaries abroad was Shyamji Krishna […]

Religious policies of Aurangzeb There are three main categories of scholars regarding views of Aurangzeb’s religious policies: Jadunath Sarkar, S.R. Sharma and A.L. Srivastava, find Aurangzeb, guilty of religious bigotry and persecution. Shibli Nomani, Zahiruddin Faruki and Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi justify most of Aurangzeb’s actions as political expedients. Satish Chandra and M. Athar Ali, attempt […]

Nature of Mughal State Nature of Mughal state can be considered in the light of shape given to it by Akbar to a considerable extent. Akbar defined the state system, created a broad framework which continued with some variation and some changes in subsequent period. Historians have given different interpretations for explaining the nature of […]

Culture in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: Amir Khusrau Amir Khusrau (c.1252-1325) was a sufi poet, musician and genius as a writer. He adorned the courts of all the sultans from Balban to Ghiasuddin Tughluq as the poet laureate. He was popularly known as Tuti e Hind-‘the parrot of India’. selfstudyhistory.com Amir Khusrau was born […]

Society in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: composition of rural society, ruling classes, town dwellers, women, religious classes, caste and slavery under the Sultanate: Part II Composition of town dwellers There was a revival of towns in north India from the 10th century. This process was considerably accelerated from the 13th century as a result […]

Society in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries: composition of rural society, ruling classes, town dwellers, women, religious classes, caste and slavery under the Sultanate: Part I Composition of rural society Rural society was heterogeneous in Nature. Many social classes existed: Rural Intermediaries/elite: There are references of Chaudhuris, Khuts, and Muqaddams. Chaudhuris: lrfan Habib suggests that […]

Urban Settlements in Early Medieval India Urban settlements should be taken as a complementary component along with the agrarian economy. The post-Gupta centuries witnessed a new socioeconomic formation based on the system of land grants. The gradual expansion of cultivation and agrarian economy through land grants had an impact on the growth of towns and […]