Q. Identify the following places marked on the map and write a short note of about 30 words on each of them in your Answer sheet. Locational hints for each of the places marked on the map are given below seriatim: [2.5×8= 20 Marks]

(i) Ancient port

Tamralipti

• In Tamluk near the mouth of the Ganges in Midnapur district of West Bengal.
• Emporium of trade.
• Connected to Taxila by land and river on one hand and with south-east Asia by sea on the other.
• Antiquities of Chalcolithic period and NBPW phase found.
• Discovery of Roulette ware and red polished ware of Roman type indicates the trade contact with Roman.
• Urban character is proved by discovery of terracotta figurines, coins, beads or semi-precious stones etc.

(ii) Painted Grey Ware site

Atranjikhera

• In Etah district, Uttar Pradesh.
• 3 Stages: OCP, BRW, PGW, NBPW
• From village to town.
• Habitation:
  • Mud houses with wooden posts.
  • Wattle-and-daub houses.
  • Later on, mud brick
• Agriculture: 
  • Evidence of wheat, barley, gram etc.
  • Two crops a year.
  • Agricultural implements found.
  • Agriculture tools of iron first came in NBPW.
• Bone and ivory tools like arrowhead, beads, comb, bangle etc found.
• Horse remains found.

(iii) Megalithic site

Adichanallur

• In Tuticorin District, Tamil Nadu.
• Urn burial site. Earthenware urns.
• Bronze objects, iron objects, potsherds.
• Skeletal remains inside the urns are in crouched position.
• Two examples of double burial.
• Pottery:
  • BRW, red ware and black ware.
  • Graffiti on pottery.
• Iron implements:- arrowheads, spearheads and axe.
• Copper ornaments found.
• Rice husk and cloth impression on Iron sword.
• A potter’s kiln (industrial activity) found in habitational site.

(iv) Chalcolithic site

Navdatoli

• In west Nimar district, MP.
• Chalcolithic and Late Harappan Site.
• Navdatoli is the largest settlement of Malwa culture.
• Habitation:
  • Circular or rectangular shape.
  • Circular wattle-and-daub houses, post holes
  • Floors plastered with lime.
  • Ancient village inhabited through four stages.
• Chulhas and storage jars found in houses.
• Pottery:
  • BRW, grey ware with painted
• Domestication of animals.
• Microliths found.

(v) Ancient education centre

Pushpagiri

• In Jajpur district, Odisha (on Langudi hills).
• Buddhist seat of learning.
• Mentioned in the travelogues of Chinese traveler Huien Tsang.
• Excavation reveals:
  • stupas
  • Buddhist rock-cut sculptures
  • pillars,
  • Brahmi inscription,
  • terracotta seals and
  • NBPW.

(vi) Ancient Cave site

Lakhudiyar

• In Kumaon hills, Uttarakhand.
• Lakhudiyar means one lakh caves.
• Prehistoric paintings.
  • human (stick-like forms), hand-linked dancing human
  • animal- fox, long-snouted animal, lizard etc.
  • geometric patterns, wavy lines, dots
  • in white, black and red ochre
  • some superimposition of paintings.

(vii) Ancient educational and political centre

Taxila

• In Rawalpindi district, Pakistan.
• Ancient political, commercial and cultural centre.
• Commercial centre:
  • At junction of 3 major trade routes: West Asia, northern India and Central Asia.
  • Centre of artisanal production.
• Centre of education:
  • Amongst the earliest universities.
  • Many do not consider it a university as:
    • teachers did not have official membership of particular colleges, and
    • there was no purpose-built lecture halls and residential quarters, like Nalanda University.
  • Charaka, Chanakya, Jivaka, Panini etc are related to Taxila University.
• Political centre:
  • Capital of Gandhara satrapy, under Achaemenian.
  • Alexander received submission of ruler of Taxila, Ambhi.
  • Taxila became a provincial capital of Mauryas.
  • Capital of Indo-Parthian Kingdom, and one of the capitals of Kushanas.
• The Chinese pilgrims Fa Hian (5^th century) and Hieun Tsang (7^th century) visited Taxila. In ruin during Huen Tsang.

(viii) Ancient capital city

Vallabhi

• In Bhavnagar district (Saurashtra), Gujarat.
• Capital of the Maitraka Dynasty (480-775 CE).
• Established by the founder of the dynasty, Senapati Bhatarka.
• Centre of learning, Buddhist monasteries.
• Visited by the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang and Yijingin 7th century.
• Second Jaina council under Devardhi held in 6th century CE when Jaina scriptures assumed their present form.

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