Day: July 11, 2026

Q. The Swadeshi movement of 1905 anticipated many of the tactics that were later developed during the Gandhian mass movement. – Critically examine. [UPSC- 2024] Ans: The Swadeshi Movement of 1905 arose in response to Lord Curzon’s partition of Bengal. Though officially justified on administrative grounds, the partition was widely seen as an attempt to […]

Q. Why did the demand for land reform never become an agenda in national politics after 1947? Elucidate. [UPSC- 2024] Ans: Land reform was certainly part of the official post-independence agenda. The abolition of zamindari, tenancy reform, land ceiling laws and Bhoodan movement all reflected concern for agrarian restructuring. However, land reform never became a […]

Q. Evaluate Firuz Shah Tughluq’s economic policies. [UPSC- 2024] Ans: Firuz Shah Tughluq ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1351 to 1388 CE. He came to power after the ambitious but troubled reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq. Unlike Muhammad bin Tughluq, who experimented with bold but often impractical policies, Firuz Shah followed a more conservative, welfare-oriented and […]

Q. Highlight the features of Portuguese colonial enterprise. [UPSC- 2024] Ans: The Portuguese were the first Europeans to establish a direct maritime colonial presence in India. Vasco da Gama’s arrival at Calicut in 1498 opened a new phase in India’s contact with Europe. Unlike earlier foreign traders who generally adjusted themselves to existing Indian Ocean […]