Day: August 30, 2026

Q. Barani’s “Fatwa-i-Jahandari” was not a proper account of the Delhi Sultanate, rather a lament. Elucidate. [UPSC- 2025] Ans: Ziauddin Barani, one of the most important political thinkers and chroniclers of the Delhi Sultanate, wrote the Fatawa-i-Jahandari in the fourteenth century. Unlike his Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi, which is primarily historical in character, the Fatawa-i-Jahandari is essentially […]

Q. Gunpowder changed the character of warfare in India during the Mughal era. Elucidate. [UPSC- 2025] Ans: The introduction and increasing use of gunpowder weapons—especially cannon, matchlocks and other firearms—fundamentally altered warfare in early modern India. Gunpowder was known in India before the establishment of the Mughal Empire and had been used by the Delhi […]

Q. Do you agree that the idea of permanent fixation of land revenue of 1793 in Bengal was highly influenced by the Physiocratic school of thinking? Discuss. [UPSC- 2025] Ans: The Permanent Settlement of Bengal, 1793, introduced under Lord Cornwallis, permanently fixed the land revenue payable by zamindars to the East India Company. It transformed […]